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International Relations

Referencing scheme

International Relations uses the Chicago referencing scheme.

The style uses footnotes with the abbreviated details at the bottom of the page and has a bibliography at the end with full details of the cited works.

You can find out more from the online guide below:

Why do I need to reference?

You need to reference to:

  1. acknowledge the work of other writers.
  2. demonstrate the body of knowledge upon which your research is based.
  3. show you have widely researched the topic and on what authority you based your arguments and conclusions.
  4. enable all those who have read your work to locate your sources easily.
  5. avoid being accused of plagiarism - that is passing off someone else's work as your own.

 

There are two parts to referencing:

  1. Citation (in Footnote):  the acknowledgement in your text, giving details of the work. The reader should be able to identify or locate the work from these details in your bibliography.
  2. Bibliography: the list of references at the end of your work. These should include the full information for your citations so that readers can easily identify and locate each piece of work that you have used. It is important that these are consistent, correct and complete.

Referencing examples

Referencing Style for Footnotes / Bibliography

The referencing of primary sources will depend on the nature of the sources that you have used. You should therefore consult your module tutor for further guidance.

Secondary sources should be referenced according to the following style: 
pile of books

 

Books (single author)

Footnote:

1.William Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition (London: SAGE, 2014), 23-25.

2. Davies, Limits of Neoliberalism, 109.

Bibliography:

Davies, William. The Limits of Neoliberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition. London: SAGE, 2014.

Books (two authors)

Footnote:

3. Peri Roberts and Peter Sutch, An Introduction to Political Thought: A Conceptual Toolkit, 2nd ed.(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 250-56.

4. Roberts and Sutch, Political Thought, 92.

Bibliography:

Roberts, Peri and Peter Sutch, An Introduction to Political Thought: A Conceptual Toolkit. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.

 

Chapters in an edited book

Footnotes:

5. Douglas, L. Kriner, "The Presidency," in Developments in American Politics, 8th ed., ed. Gillian Peele et al. (London: Palgrave, 2018) 119-22, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/tees/reader.action?docID=6234795&ppg=6#ppg=137

6. Kriner, "The Presidency," 127.

Bibliography::

Kriner, Douglas L. "The Presidency." In Developments in American Politics. 8th ed., edited by Gillian Peele, Christopher J. Bailey, Jon Herbert and Bruce E. Cain and B. Guy Peters, 117-32. London: Palgrave, 2018, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/tees/reader.action?docID=6234795&ppg=6#ppg=137.

 

How to reference a journal journal covers

Journal Articles (one author)
Footnote:

1. Nicola McEwen, "Negotiating Brexit: Power Dynamics in British Intergovernmental Relations," Regional Studies 55, no.9 (2021) : 1539-40, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1735000.

2. McEwen, "Negotiating Brexit," 1545.

Bibliography:

McEwen, Nicola. "Negotiating Brexit: Power Dynamics in British Intergovernmental Relations." Regional Studies 55, no.9 (2021) : 1538-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1735000.

 

Journal Articles (two authors)

Footnote:

3. Stefan. Berger and Norman LaPorte, "In Search of Antifascism: The British Left’s Response to the German Democratic Republic," German History 26, no. 4 (2008): 539-40, https://doi-org.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/10.1093/gerhis/ghn050.

4. Berger and LaPorte, "In Search of Antifascism," 541.

Bibliography:

Berger, Stefan and Norman LaPorte, "In Search of Antifascism: The British Left’s Response to the German Democratic Republic." German History 26, no. 4 (2008): 536-552. https://doi-org.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/10.1093/gerhis/ghn050.

 
Journal Articles (more than three authors)

Footnote:

5. Maria Teresa Grasso et al., “Thatcher’s Children, Blair’s Babies, Political Socialization and Trickle-down Value Change: An Age, Period and Cohort Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1 (2019): 25, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000375.

6. Grasso et al, "Thatcher's Children," 30.

Bibliography:

Grasso, Maria Teresa, Stephen Farrall, Emily Gray, Colin Hay, and Will Jennings. “Thatcher’s Children, Blair’s Babies, Political Socialization and Trickle-down Value Change: An Age, Period and Cohort Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1 (2019): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000375.

How to reference web-pages and blogs

social media logos

Footnote:

1. "What is Globalization?," Peterson Institute for International Economics, last modified August 24, 2021, https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization.

2.  "University statistics," Teesside University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/public_information/factsandfigures.cfm.

3. Adam Curtis, "Hypernormalisation," Adam Curtis The Medium and the Message (blog), October 11, 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis.

 

Bibliography:

Curtis, Adam. "Hypernormalisation." Adam Curtis The Medium and the Message (blog). October 11, 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis.

Peterson Institute for International Economics. "What is Globalization?" Last modified August 24, 2021. https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization.

Teesside University. "University statistics." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/public_information/factsandfigures.cfm.

 

Other resources

Footnote examples:

Theses

1. Pauline E. Lynn, "The Shaping of Political Allegiance: Class, Gender, Nation and Locality in County Durham 1918-1945" (PhD diss., University of Teesside, 1999), 25

Newspaper Articles

2. Toby Helm, "From Partygate to Putn's War: Boris Johnson Rides on a Rare Wave of Unity," Guardian, February 26, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/26/partygate-putin-war-boris-johnson-ukraine-crisis-prime-minister.

Useful Links

Click on the link below to access the referencing guidelines for your School.

RefWorks

To login to RefWorks click on the RefWorks image below:

Login to RefWorks

RefWorks allows you to create and manage your own personal database of useful references. You can then use these to quickly compile a reference list or bibliography for your assignments. 

Click on the link below for more information, and help on using Refworks.