The referencing style used in the Teesside International Business School at Teesside University is Harvard Standard according to the book 'Cite them Right' by Pears and Shields. Remember, if a sentence does not have a reference, the reader assumes that all the work here including ideas, theories, evidence, argument etc...is yours and yours alone. If you paraphrase, summarise or copy a source but don't reference, you are plagiarising.
Our Referencing help page has access to:
Print copies of Cite them Right are also stocked by the Library, see below for details.
Pears and Shields (2022, p. 20) or (Pears and Shields, 2022, p. 20)
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
(Young et al., 2015, p. 46) or Young et al. (2015, p. 46)
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Semansky's university physics. 10th edn. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley.
(Macmillan and Crelman,1991, cited in Wickens, 2002, p. 37)
Wickens, T.D. (2002) Elementary signal detection theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
An ebook that includes all the same elements as the print version e.g. page numbers, edition, publication details, should be referenced as though it was a print book.
If the ebook is available on an edevice (Kindle, smartphones and tablets) the elements might not be the same as the print version. If this is the case you need to use the information you do have e.g. loc or %
(Adams, 1979, loc 876) or Adams (1979, loc 876)
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Downloaded: 28 August 2013).
(Parton and Fleming, 2008) or Parton and Fleming (2008)
Parton, S. and Fleming, H. (2008) 'Academic libraries and learning support in collaboration', New Review of Academic Librarianship, 13(1), pp. 79-89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13614530802021698
(Norrie et al., 2012) or Norrie et al. (2012)
Norrie, C. et al. (2012) 'Doing it differently? A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care professions', Reflective Practice, 13(4), pp. 565-578. Available at: https://doi-org.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/10.1080/14623943.2012.670628
Barke, Mowl and Shield's study (2010) ....
Barke, M., Mowl, S. and Shields, G. (2010) 'Malaga - a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History, 2(3), pp. 187-212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
* a doi (Digital Object Identifier) is used to identify individual digital (online) sources, such as journal articles and conference papers. No accessed date is needed.
An example cited by Dutta and Marjit (2016, p. 120).
Dutta, M. and Marjit, S. (2016) 'Intra-country technology transfer', Indian Economic Review, 51(1/2), new series, pp. 117-127. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44376239 (Accessed: 27 May 2021).
BBC (2018) or (BBC, 2018)
BBC (2018) News. Available at:
(Accessed: 14 May 2018).
Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019, c. 24. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/24/contents (Accessed: 23 November 2023).
Section of an Act:
In-text citation
As outlined in section 20(2) of the Act (Children and Families Act 2014)....
Reference List
Children and Families Act 2014, c. 6. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/6/contents (Accessed: 23 November 2023).
It is important to remember that submitting material generated by GenAI as your own work is an offence and would be dealt with using the academic misconduct regulations and so will incur strict penalties. However, using AI to support your learning can be beneficial, if used responsibly and with integrity. Check if your module allows the use of AI.
You need to acknowledge any use of generative AI output in your work. You should provide a full and proper citation and reference list entry where possible.
OpenAI’s ChatGPT GenAI chatbot is the most well-known of the generative AI technologies but others (such as Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot and Anthropic Claud, DALL-E or Midjourney) also exist and require referencing to avoid plagiarism. Types of material that might be generated by AI include:
• Text
• Images
• Code
• Video
Anything that is not your original creation or thoughts should be appropriately referenced.
Click through for advice and examples from Cite them Right
An article discussing the use of AI in academic work from Cite them Right,
Please note:
This is provisional advice and may be subject to change as official guidelines for various referencing styles are still in the process of being created. Please also consult guidance from your Department or School on using generative AI for your academic work
Login to RefWorks:
RefWorks allows you to create and manage your own personal database of useful references. You can then use these to quickly compile a reference list or bibliography for your assignments.
Click on the link below for more information on how to use Refworks.
