If a sentence does not have a reference, the reader assumes that all the work here, including ideas, theories, evidence, argument etc... is yours and yours alone. If you paraphrase, summarise or copy a source but don't cite and reference, you are plagiarising.
The referencing style used at Teesside University is Harvard Standard according to the guidance in 'Cite them Right'.
If you need help with your referencing please use Cite Them Right. This excellent resource can tell you how to correctly cite and reference any information source in the correct style, some examples are listed below.
For a more in-depth introduction to referencing, please check out our How to Reference guide
Pears and Shields (2022, p. 20) or (Pears and Shields, 2022, p. 20)
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
(Young et al., 2015, p. 46) or Young et al. (2015, p. 46)
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Semansky's university physics. 10th edn. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley.
(Macmillan and Crelman,1991, cited in Wickens, 2002, p. 37)
Wickens, T.D. (2002) Elementary signal detection theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
An ebook that includes all the same elements as the print version e.g. page numbers, edition, publication details, should be referenced as though it was a print book.
If the ebook is available on an edevice (Kindle, smartphones and tablets) the elements might not be the same as the print version. If this is the case you need to use the information you do have e.g. loc or %
(Adams, 1979, loc 876) or Adams (1979, loc 876)
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Downloaded: 28 August 2013).
(Parton and Fleming, 2008) or Parton and Fleming (2008)
Parton, S. and Fleming, H. (2008) 'Academic libraries and learning support in collaboration', New Review of Academic Librarianship, 13(1), pp. 79-89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13614530802021698
(Norrie et al., 2012) or Norrie et al. (2012)
Norrie, C. et al. (2012) 'Doing it differently? A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care professions', Reflective Practice, 13(4), pp. 565-578. Available at: https://doi-org.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/10.1080/14623943.2012.670628
Barke, Mowl and Shield's study (2010) ....
Barke, M., Mowl, S. and Shields, G. (2010) 'Malaga - a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History, 2(3), pp. 187-212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
* a doi (Digital Object Identifier) is used to identify individual digital (online) sources, such as journal articles and conference papers. No accessed date is needed.
An example cited by Dutta and Marjit (2016, p. 120).
Dutta, M. and Marjit, S. (2016) 'Intra-country technology transfer', Indian Economic Review, 51(1/2), new series, pp. 117-127. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44376239 (Accessed: 27 May 2021).
BBC (2018) or (BBC, 2018)
BBC (2018) News. Available at:
(Accessed: 14 May 2018).
Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019, c. 24. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/24/contents (Accessed: 23 November 2023).
Section of an Act:
In-text citation
As outlined in section 20(2) of the Act (Children and Families Act 2014)....
Reference List
Children and Families Act 2014, c. 6. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/6/contents (Accessed: 23 November 2023).
It is important to remember that submitting material generated by GenAI as your own work is an offence and would be dealt with using the academic misconduct regulations and so will incur strict penalties. However, using AI to support your learning can be beneficial, if used responsibly and with integrity. Check if your module allows the use of AI.
You need to acknowledge any use of generative AI output in your work. You should provide a full and proper citation and reference list entry where possible.
OpenAI’s ChatGPT GenAI chatbot is the most well-known of the generative AI technologies but others (such as Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot and Anthropic Claud, DALL-E or Midjourney) also exist and require referencing to avoid plagiarism. Types of material that might be generated by AI include:
• Text
• Images
• Code
• Video
Anything that is not your original creation or thoughts should be appropriately referenced.
Click through for advice and examples from Cite them Right
An article discussing the use of AI in academic work from Cite them Right,
Please note:
This is provisional advice and may be subject to change as official guidelines for various referencing styles are still in the process of being created. Please also consult guidance from your Department or School on using generative AI for your academic work
Website / webpage
Blog
Film
Computer game
Computer program
GDC Vault
To login to RefWorks click on the RefWorks image below:
RefWorks allows you to create and manage your own personal database of useful references. You can then use these to quickly compile a reference list or bibliography for your assignments.
Click on the link below for more information, and help on using Refworks.
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Academic misconduct is defined by the University as: "Any activity or attempted activity which gives an unfair advantage to one or more students over their peers" (Taken from the Essential information for students on University regulations for academic year 2020/2021, p.1) It is treated very seriously by the University. If you are found to have acted in this way you may receive a penalty, the most serious being exclusion from the University. Therefore it is best to take steps to avoid it in the first place. We are here to help and support you and develop your skills to avoid accusations of academic misconduct. Remember these rules are also there to protect your rights as well as providing sanctions for misconduct. Make sure you are aware of all the student regulations To see the full set of student regulations go to: http://www.tees.ac.uk/studentregulations. |
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There are many different types of academic misconduct, including collusion and plagiarism. See below for some examples (taken from the Academic Misconduct Regulations). |
Group work is a legitimate form of study that you may be asked to engage with for an assignment.
For more advice on group work see https://libguides.tees.ac.uk/groupwork
However:
Collusion is where two or more students collaborate (or work together) to produce a piece of work. They then submit this piece of work as their own work.
The original creator of the work may also be liable to the charge of academic misconduct if it is shown that they knowingly allowed their work to be used or shared.
In group work where the originator cannot be established the entire group may be deemed responsible to the charge of academic misconduct.
Tips for avoiding collusion:
Plagiarism is the incorporation of someone else's work into your own work without proper acknowledgement of that source in your work.
Academic work must be well-researched and evidence based. This evidence should be from academic / expert sources.
This includes not only text from articles and books or web-pages, but also lecture notes, images, programming codes, diagrams, tables etc.
It is the 'idea' that counts and which you need to acknowledge or credit.
If you paraphrase from a source (that is put someones' ideas into your own words) you still need to acknowledge that source.
It is also important when paraphrasing that you do not change the meaning of the original.
Self-plagiarism is duplicating and submitting work which is the same (or partly) identical to work you have submitted in the past.
Tips for avoiding plagiarism
Bribery or blackmail is offering money or any other incentives to somebody or coercing another to gain an unfair advanage.
This is engaging in actions with the intention of gaining an unfair advantage over others taking the same examination, or knowingly assisting others to do this.
Presenting false data that you have claimed to have carried out, or to deliberately mislead others. This includes manipulating and omission of genuine data or tampering with or adding to data.
This is falsely submitting a case for an extension, deferred submission of for extenuating circumstances in order to gain an unfair advantage.
Interfering with recorded marks to gain an unfair advantage.
This is the submission of work, originally by another person but which has been deliberately modified to make it look like your own piece of work.
Assuming the identity of another person with the intention to deceive or gain an unfair advantage. This can exist where a person assumes the identity with the intention of gaining an advantage for that student or that student is knowingly and willingly impersonated by another.
This is purchasing or commissioning a piece of work from another party which you then pass off as your own work. This includes work purchased from commercial internet assignment writing sites, other organisations or individuals. Please note that offering this service is now considered an illegal practice. (https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2022/04/28/essay-mills-are-now-illegal-skills-minister-calls-on-internet-service-providers-to-crack-down-on-advertising/)
Also please note that completing work for someone else who then submits this as their own work (even if it is at a different institution) is also considered an offence.
Sabotage is the act of deliberately destroying, damaging or obstructing the work of others.
This also includes deliberately stalling the progress of another's work to gain a personal advantage.
This is the stealing of another student's work.
This is the possession of confidential staff material relating to an assessment which has been obtained without their consent and would give you an unfair advantage.
This involves conduct which deviates from acceptable behaviour.
The full-list is available in Appendix 1 of the Academic Misconduct Regulations.
